Pristolepis marginata, commonly known as the Malabar catopra or Indian catopra, is a species of fish belonging to the family Pristolepididae. It is native to the freshwater rivers and streams of India, specifically in the Western Ghats region.

MORPHOLOGY:

•  Body shape: Elongated, slightly compressed

•  Size: Up to 25 cm (10 in) in length

•  Color: Brownish-green with yellowish-green fins

•  Scales: Large, cycloid scales

•  Head shape: Pointed snout, large mouth

•  Eyes: Large, circular

•  Dorsal fin: Single, with 12-14 spines

•  Anal fin: Single, with 8-10 soft rays

UNIQUE FEATURES:

•  Distinctive margin on the scales, giving the species its name

•  Presence of a small, tooth-like projection on the lower jaw

•  Ability to breathe air from the surface using its labyrinthine respiratory organs

HABITAT:

•  Freshwater rivers and streams

•  Rocky, gravelly, or sandy substrates

•  Slow-moving to moderate currents

•  Found in areas with submerged vegetation or near submerged rocks

REPRODUCTION:

•  Spawning occurs during the monsoon season (June-September)

•  Males build nests using plant material and gravel

•  Females lay 100-200 eggs, which are then fertilized by the male

•  Eggs hatch after 2-3 days, and larvae drift in the water column before settling on the substrate

•  Sex ratio is approximately 1:1