Pigeon : Typical Vertebrae

Pigeon Typical Vertebrae has a heterocoelous centrum.

Heterocoelous condition provides extreme flexibility and mobility.

Centrum encloses neural canal.

Neural arch, Neural spine and transverse processes are extremely reduced.

Transverse processes are backwardly directed.

Base of each transverse processes has an opening named vertebrartial foremen or transverse foremen for passage of vertebral artery